Even in antiquity as men gazed at the shapes of crystals, whose origins they could not begin to understand or explain,
it is not surprising that it was thought that these fascinating formations held supernatural powers. Fantastic origins
have been suggested over the years for stones...rock crystal was ice permanently frozen by intense cold...
hyacinth (a precious stone of the ancients sometimes thought to be the
sapphire ) was produced by the earth's extreme
aridity combined with the sun's powerful action...amber was thought to be a product of lynxes' urine and birds' tears.
In the Stone Age, primitive men became interested in
gold, which was relatively easy to melt and to cast. From this the
first pieces of real jewelry were made. Silver and
copper were mined during the Bronze Age and jewels, ornaments and
cult statuettes were made from copper, bronze and rocks of unusually striking
color or shape. The ancient Egyptians
commonly inlaid gold and silver with semi-precious stones such as
carnelian, jasper,
amethyst, turquoise and
lapis lazuli. A particularly popular jewelry item was the signet ring and many of the motifs used, such as the lotus, falcon,
serpent and eye, were derived from religious symbols. Scarabs, representations of the scarab beetle carved in stone, were also
popular in ancient Egypt and Rome. The Greeks made ornaments of plain
gold until around 400 BC when a variety of gems
and cameos (precious and semi-precious gemstones carved in relief on one layer with another contrasting layer as
background) were used. Roman jewelry was massive with ropes of
pearls highly prized and Medieval
jewelry included very large brooches. During the Renaissance, men and women wore gold chains,
jeweled collars, and pendants, often designed and sometimes even rendered by noted artists. Ornaments crowded with stones were worn to
excess in the late 17th century . Jewelry was almost superseded in
the late l8th century by decorative buttons, watches and
snuffboxes, but the 19th century brought the revival of the bracelet and the cameo. When
factory production of jewelry began,
artistry declined and costume jewelry was introduced by Gabrielle Chanel in
the 2Oth century. However, there has been
renewed interest in hand-wrought jewelry since the craft revival of
the 1960's.
Stones were also widely used in the production of seals, carved dies or stamps used to mark documents or
objects with a sign of official origin or ownership. Ancient seals were generally engraved with a design to be impressed
on wax or damp clay. In China, however, seals carved in relief were used with ink as stamps,
representing an early form of printing. In ancient Greece and
Rome, seal rings and portrait seals engraved with the owner's likeness became widespread.
Although the use of seals declined after the fall of Rome, it was revived
during the l2th century and from then until
the l8th century, heads of church and state and various civic dignitaries used seals carved with heraldic designs to stamp their documents.
Crystal balls have been produced -and highly prized -throughout recorded history.
The Japanese have the highest respect for
rock crystal, which they consider to be the symbol for perfection and purity, and Japanese craftsmen have produced crystal balls for centuries...the perfect jewel cut into the perfect form.
The Japanese believe that the dragon is the supreme creative power and early
thought was that rock crystal was formed from the condensation of the dragon' s breath. Crystal balls from high-quality
rock crystal found in the Alps were highly prized in Europe as well, though for different reasons.
In Europe crystal gazing was used not only as an aid to foreseeing the future, but as a stimulus to the mind. Musicians, authors and even
politicians have benefited from self-hypnosis induced by crystal gazing. |
